8.4 Inaugural Corpus USA
8.4.2 Create a corpus
## Corpus consisting of 5 documents and 3 docvars.
## text1 :
## "Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and of the House of Representa..."
##
## text2 :
## "Fellow citizens, I am again called upon by the voice of my c..."
##
## text3 :
## "When it was first perceived, in early times, that no middle ..."
##
## text4 :
## "Friends and Fellow Citizens: Called upon to undertake the du..."
##
## text5 :
## "Proceeding, fellow citizens, to that qualification which the..."8.4.2.1 Summary
## Corpus consisting of 5 documents, showing 5 documents:
##
## Text Types Tokens Sentences Year President FirstName
## text1 625 1538 23 1789 Washington George
## text2 96 147 4 1793 Washington George
## text3 826 2578 37 1797 Adams John
## text4 717 1927 41 1801 Jefferson Thomas
## text5 804 2381 45 1805 Jefferson Thomas8.4.2.2 Editing docnames
docid <- paste(dat_inaug$Year,
dat_inaug$FirstName,
dat_inaug$President, sep = " ")
docnames(dat_inaug_corpus) <- docid
print(dat_inaug_corpus)## Corpus consisting of 5 documents and 3 docvars.
## 1789 George Washington :
## "Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and of the House of Representa..."
##
## 1793 George Washington :
## "Fellow citizens, I am again called upon by the voice of my c..."
##
## 1797 John Adams :
## "When it was first perceived, in early times, that no middle ..."
##
## 1801 Thomas Jefferson :
## "Friends and Fellow Citizens: Called upon to undertake the du..."
##
## 1805 Thomas Jefferson :
## "Proceeding, fellow citizens, to that qualification which the..."8.4.2.3 Accessing parts of corpus
## [1] "Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and of the House of Representatives:\n\nAmong the vicissitudes incident to life no event could have filled me with greater anxieties than that of which the notification was transmitted by your order, and received on the 14th day of the present month. On the one hand, I was summoned by my Country, whose voice I can never hear but with veneration and love, from a retreat which I had chosen with the fondest predilection, and, in my flattering hopes, with an immutable decision, as the asylum of my declining years -- a retreat which was rendered every day more necessary as well as more dear to me by the addition of habit to inclination, and of frequent interruptions in my health to the gradual waste committed on it by time. On the other hand, the magnitude and difficulty of the trust to which the voice of my country called me, being sufficient to awaken in the wisest and most experienced of her citizens a distrustful scrutiny into his qualifications, could not but overwhelm with despondence one who (inheriting inferior endowments from nature and unpracticed in the duties of civil administration) ought to be peculiarly conscious of his own deficiencies. In this conflict of emotions all I dare aver is that it has been my faithful study to collect my duty from a just appreciation of every circumstance by which it might be affected. All I dare hope is that if, in executing this task, I have been too much swayed by a grateful remembrance of former instances, or by an affectionate sensibility to this transcendent proof of the confidence of my fellow citizens, and have thence too little consulted my incapacity as well as disinclination for the weighty and untried cares before me, my error will be palliated by the motives which mislead me, and its consequences be judged by my country with some share of the partiality in which they originated.\n\nSuch being the impressions under which I have, in obedience to the public summons, repaired to the present station, it would be peculiarly improper to omit in this first official act my fervent supplications to that Almighty Being who rules over the universe, who presides in the councils of nations, and whose providential aids can supply every human defect, that His benediction may consecrate to the liberties and happiness of the people of the United States a Government instituted by themselves for these essential purposes, and may enable every instrument employed in its administration to execute with success the functions allotted to his charge. In tendering this homage to the Great Author of every public and private good, I assure myself that it expresses your sentiments not less than my own, nor those of my fellow citizens at large less than either. No people can be bound to acknowledge and adore the Invisible Hand which conducts the affairs of men more than those of the United States. Every step by which they have advanced to the character of an independent nation seems to have been distinguished by some token of providential agency; and in the important revolution just accomplished in the system of their united government the tranquil deliberations and voluntary consent of so many distinct communities from which the event has resulted can not be compared with the means by which most governments have been established without some return of pious gratitude, along with an humble anticipation of the future blessings which the past seem to presage. These reflections, arising out of the present crisis, have forced themselves too strongly on my mind to be suppressed. You will join with me, I trust, in thinking that there are none under the influence of which the proceedings of a new and free government can more auspiciously commence.\n\nBy the article establishing the executive department it is made the duty of the President \"to recommend to your consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.\" The circumstances under which I now meet you will acquit me from entering into that subject further than to refer to the great constitutional charter under which you are assembled, and which, in defining your powers, designates the objects to which your attention is to be given. It will be more consistent with those circumstances, and far more congenial with the feelings which actuate me, to substitute, in place of a recommendation of particular measures, the tribute that is due to the talents, the rectitude, and the patriotism which adorn the characters selected to devise and adopt them. In these honorable qualifications I behold the surest pledges that as on one side no local prejudices or attachments, no separate views nor party animosities, will misdirect the comprehensive and equal eye which ought to watch over this great assemblage of communities and interests, so, on another, that the foundation of our national policy will be laid in the pure and immutable principles of private morality, and the preeminence of free government be exemplified by all the attributes which can win the affections of its citizens and command the respect of the world. I dwell on this prospect with every satisfaction which an ardent love for my country can inspire, since there is no truth more thoroughly established than that there exists in the economy and course of nature an indissoluble union between virtue and happiness; between duty and advantage; between the genuine maxims of an honest and magnanimous policy and the solid rewards of public prosperity and felicity; since we ought to be no less persuaded that the propitious smiles of Heaven can never be expected on a nation that disregards the eternal rules of order and right which Heaven itself has ordained; and since the preservation of the sacred fire of liberty and the destiny of the republican model of government are justly considered, perhaps, as deeply, as finally, staked on the experiment entrusted to the hands of the American people.\n\nBesides the ordinary objects submitted to your care, it will remain with your judgment to decide how far an exercise of the occasional power delegated by the fifth article of the Constitution is rendered expedient at the present juncture by the nature of objections which have been urged against the system, or by the degree of inquietude which has given birth to them. Instead of undertaking particular recommendations on this subject, in which I could be guided by no lights derived from official opportunities, I shall again give way to my entire confidence in your discernment and pursuit of the public good; for I assure myself that whilst you carefully avoid every alteration which might endanger the benefits of an united and effective government, or which ought to await the future lessons of experience, a reverence for the characteristic rights of freemen and a regard for the public harmony will sufficiently influence your deliberations on the question how far the former can be impregnably fortified or the latter be safely and advantageously promoted.\n\nTo the foregoing observations I have one to add, which will be most properly addressed to the House of Representatives. It concerns myself, and will therefore be as brief as possible. When I was first honored with a call into the service of my country, then on the eve of an arduous struggle for its liberties, the light in which I contemplated my duty required that I should renounce every pecuniary compensation. From this resolution I have in no instance departed; and being still under the impressions which produced it, I must decline as inapplicable to myself any share in the personal emoluments which may be indispensably included in a permanent provision for the executive department, and must accordingly pray that the pecuniary estimates for the station in which I am placed may during my continuance in it be limited to such actual expenditures as the public good may be thought to require.\n\nHaving thus imparted to you my sentiments as they have been awakened by the occasion which brings us together, I shall take my present leave; but not without resorting once more to the benign Parent of the Human Race in humble supplication that, since He has been pleased to favor the American people with opportunities for deliberating in perfect tranquillity, and dispositions for deciding with unparalleled unanimity on a form of government for the security of their union and the advancement of their happiness, so His divine blessing may be equally conspicuous in the enlarged views, the temperate consultations, and the wise measures on which the success of this Government must depend. "## [1] "Fellow-Citizens of the Senate and of the House of Representatives:\n\nAmong the vicissitudes incident to life no event could have filled me with greater anxieties than that of which the notification was transmitted by your order, and received on the 14th day of the present month. On the one hand, I was summoned by my Country, whose voice I can never hear but with veneration and love, from a retreat which I had chosen with the fondest predilection, and, in my flattering hopes, with an immutable decision, as the asylum of my declining years -- a retreat which was rendered every day more necessary as well as more dear to me by the addition of habit to inclination, and of frequent interruptions in my health to the gradual waste committed on it by time. On the other hand, the magnitude and difficulty of the trust to which the voice of my country called me, being sufficient to awaken in the wisest and most experienced of her citizens a distrustful scrutiny into his qualifications, could not but overwhelm with despondence one who (inheriting inferior endowments from nature and unpracticed in the duties of civil administration) ought to be peculiarly conscious of his own deficiencies. In this conflict of emotions all I dare aver is that it has been my faithful study to collect my duty from a just appreciation of every circumstance by which it might be affected. All I dare hope is that if, in executing this task, I have been too much swayed by a grateful remembrance of former instances, or by an affectionate sensibility to this transcendent proof of the confidence of my fellow citizens, and have thence too little consulted my incapacity as well as disinclination for the weighty and untried cares before me, my error will be palliated by the motives which mislead me, and its consequences be judged by my country with some share of the partiality in which they originated.\n\nSuch being the impressions under which I have, in obedience to the public summons, repaired to the present station, it would be peculiarly improper to omit in this first official act my fervent supplications to that Almighty Being who rules over the universe, who presides in the councils of nations, and whose providential aids can supply every human defect, that His benediction may consecrate to the liberties and happiness of the people of the United States a Government instituted by themselves for these essential purposes, and may enable every instrument employed in its administration to execute with success the functions allotted to his charge. In tendering this homage to the Great Author of every public and private good, I assure myself that it expresses your sentiments not less than my own, nor those of my fellow citizens at large less than either. No people can be bound to acknowledge and adore the Invisible Hand which conducts the affairs of men more than those of the United States. Every step by which they have advanced to the character of an independent nation seems to have been distinguished by some token of providential agency; and in the important revolution just accomplished in the system of their united government the tranquil deliberations and voluntary consent of so many distinct communities from which the event has resulted can not be compared with the means by which most governments have been established without some return of pious gratitude, along with an humble anticipation of the future blessings which the past seem to presage. These reflections, arising out of the present crisis, have forced themselves too strongly on my mind to be suppressed. You will join with me, I trust, in thinking that there are none under the influence of which the proceedings of a new and free government can more auspiciously commence.\n\nBy the article establishing the executive department it is made the duty of the President \"to recommend to your consideration such measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient.\" The circumstances under which I now meet you will acquit me from entering into that subject further than to refer to the great constitutional charter under which you are assembled, and which, in defining your powers, designates the objects to which your attention is to be given. It will be more consistent with those circumstances, and far more congenial with the feelings which actuate me, to substitute, in place of a recommendation of particular measures, the tribute that is due to the talents, the rectitude, and the patriotism which adorn the characters selected to devise and adopt them. In these honorable qualifications I behold the surest pledges that as on one side no local prejudices or attachments, no separate views nor party animosities, will misdirect the comprehensive and equal eye which ought to watch over this great assemblage of communities and interests, so, on another, that the foundation of our national policy will be laid in the pure and immutable principles of private morality, and the preeminence of free government be exemplified by all the attributes which can win the affections of its citizens and command the respect of the world. I dwell on this prospect with every satisfaction which an ardent love for my country can inspire, since there is no truth more thoroughly established than that there exists in the economy and course of nature an indissoluble union between virtue and happiness; between duty and advantage; between the genuine maxims of an honest and magnanimous policy and the solid rewards of public prosperity and felicity; since we ought to be no less persuaded that the propitious smiles of Heaven can never be expected on a nation that disregards the eternal rules of order and right which Heaven itself has ordained; and since the preservation of the sacred fire of liberty and the destiny of the republican model of government are justly considered, perhaps, as deeply, as finally, staked on the experiment entrusted to the hands of the American people.\n\nBesides the ordinary objects submitted to your care, it will remain with your judgment to decide how far an exercise of the occasional power delegated by the fifth article of the Constitution is rendered expedient at the present juncture by the nature of objections which have been urged against the system, or by the degree of inquietude which has given birth to them. Instead of undertaking particular recommendations on this subject, in which I could be guided by no lights derived from official opportunities, I shall again give way to my entire confidence in your discernment and pursuit of the public good; for I assure myself that whilst you carefully avoid every alteration which might endanger the benefits of an united and effective government, or which ought to await the future lessons of experience, a reverence for the characteristic rights of freemen and a regard for the public harmony will sufficiently influence your deliberations on the question how far the former can be impregnably fortified or the latter be safely and advantageously promoted.\n\nTo the foregoing observations I have one to add, which will be most properly addressed to the House of Representatives. It concerns myself, and will therefore be as brief as possible. When I was first honored with a call into the service of my country, then on the eve of an arduous struggle for its liberties, the light in which I contemplated my duty required that I should renounce every pecuniary compensation. From this resolution I have in no instance departed; and being still under the impressions which produced it, I must decline as inapplicable to myself any share in the personal emoluments which may be indispensably included in a permanent provision for the executive department, and must accordingly pray that the pecuniary estimates for the station in which I am placed may during my continuance in it be limited to such actual expenditures as the public good may be thought to require.\n\nHaving thus imparted to you my sentiments as they have been awakened by the occasion which brings us together, I shall take my present leave; but not without resorting once more to the benign Parent of the Human Race in humble supplication that, since He has been pleased to favor the American people with opportunities for deliberating in perfect tranquillity, and dispositions for deciding with unparalleled unanimity on a form of government for the security of their union and the advancement of their happiness, so His divine blessing may be equally conspicuous in the enlarged views, the temperate consultations, and the wise measures on which the success of this Government must depend. "8.4.3 Tokens
tokens() segments texts in a corpus into tokens (words or sentences) by word boundaries.
We can remove punctuations or not
8.4.3.1 With punctuations
## Tokens consisting of 5 documents and 3 docvars.
## 1789 George Washington :
## [1] "Fellow-Citizens" "of" "the" "Senate"
## [5] "and" "of" "the" "House"
## [9] "of" "Representatives" ":" "Among"
## [ ... and 1,526 more ]
##
## 1793 George Washington :
## [1] "Fellow" "citizens" "," "I" "am" "again"
## [7] "called" "upon" "by" "the" "voice" "of"
## [ ... and 135 more ]
##
## 1797 John Adams :
## [1] "When" "it" "was" "first" "perceived" ","
## [7] "in" "early" "times" "," "that" "no"
## [ ... and 2,566 more ]
##
## 1801 Thomas Jefferson :
## [1] "Friends" "and" "Fellow" "Citizens" ":" "Called"
## [7] "upon" "to" "undertake" "the" "duties" "of"
## [ ... and 1,915 more ]
##
## 1805 Thomas Jefferson :
## [1] "Proceeding" "," "fellow" "citizens"
## [5] "," "to" "that" "qualification"
## [9] "which" "the" "Constitution" "requires"
## [ ... and 2,369 more ]8.4.3.2 Without punctuations
dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct <- tokens(dat_inaug_corpus, remove_punct = TRUE)
dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct## Tokens consisting of 5 documents and 3 docvars.
## 1789 George Washington :
## [1] "Fellow-Citizens" "of" "the" "Senate"
## [5] "and" "of" "the" "House"
## [9] "of" "Representatives" "Among" "the"
## [ ... and 1,418 more ]
##
## 1793 George Washington :
## [1] "Fellow" "citizens" "I" "am" "again" "called"
## [7] "upon" "by" "the" "voice" "of" "my"
## [ ... and 123 more ]
##
## 1797 John Adams :
## [1] "When" "it" "was" "first" "perceived" "in"
## [7] "early" "times" "that" "no" "middle" "course"
## [ ... and 2,306 more ]
##
## 1801 Thomas Jefferson :
## [1] "Friends" "and" "Fellow" "Citizens" "Called" "upon"
## [7] "to" "undertake" "the" "duties" "of" "the"
## [ ... and 1,714 more ]
##
## 1805 Thomas Jefferson :
## [1] "Proceeding" "fellow" "citizens" "to"
## [5] "that" "qualification" "which" "the"
## [9] "Constitution" "requires" "before" "my"
## [ ... and 2,154 more ]8.4.4 Stop words
It is best to remove stop words (function/grammatical words) when we use statistical analyses of a corpus.
dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop <- tokens_select(dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct, pattern = stopwords("en", source = "stopwords-iso"), selection = "remove")
dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop## Tokens consisting of 5 documents and 3 docvars.
## 1789 George Washington :
## [1] "Fellow-Citizens" "Senate" "House" "Representatives"
## [5] "vicissitudes" "incident" "life" "event"
## [9] "filled" "anxieties" "notification" "transmitted"
## [ ... and 496 more ]
##
## 1793 George Washington :
## [1] "Fellow" "citizens" "called" "voice" "country"
## [6] "execute" "functions" "Chief" "Magistrate" "occasion"
## [11] "proper" "arrive"
## [ ... and 36 more ]
##
## 1797 John Adams :
## [1] "perceived" "times" "middle" "America" "remained"
## [6] "unlimited" "submission" "foreign" "legislature" "total"
## [11] "independence" "claims"
## [ ... and 824 more ]
##
## 1801 Thomas Jefferson :
## [1] "Friends" "Fellow" "Citizens" "Called" "undertake" "duties"
## [7] "executive" "office" "country" "avail" "presence" "portion"
## [ ... and 599 more ]
##
## 1805 Thomas Jefferson :
## [1] "Proceeding" "fellow" "citizens" "qualification"
## [5] "Constitution" "requires" "entrance" "charge"
## [9] "conferred" "duty" "express" "deep"
## [ ... and 747 more ]8.4.5 Statistical analyses
We can start by providing statistics (whether descriptives or inferential) based on our corpora.
8.4.5.1 Simple frequency analysis
Here we look at obtaining a simple frequency analysis of usage.
8.4.5.1.1 DFM
We start by generating a DFM (document-feature matrix)
dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop_dfm <- dfm(dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop)
dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop_dfm## Document-feature matrix of: 5 documents, 1,580 features (73.63% sparse) and 3 docvars.
## features
## docs fellow-citizens senate house representatives
## 1789 George Washington 1 1 2 2
## 1793 George Washington 0 0 0 0
## 1797 John Adams 3 1 0 2
## 1801 Thomas Jefferson 2 0 0 0
## 1805 Thomas Jefferson 0 0 0 0
## features
## docs vicissitudes incident life event filled anxieties
## 1789 George Washington 1 1 1 2 1 1
## 1793 George Washington 0 0 0 0 0 0
## 1797 John Adams 0 0 2 0 0 0
## 1801 Thomas Jefferson 0 0 1 0 0 0
## 1805 Thomas Jefferson 0 0 2 0 0 0
## [ reached max_nfeat ... 1,570 more features ]8.4.5.1.2 Frequencies
dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop_dfm_freq <- textstat_frequency(dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop_dfm)
dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop_dfm_freq## feature frequency rank docfreq group
## 1 government 40 1 5 all
## 2 public 30 2 4 all
## 3 people 27 3 4 all
## 4 country 22 4 5 all
## 5 citizens 22 4 5 all
## 6 nations 18 6 4 all
## 7 constitution 18 6 5 all
## 8 fellow 16 8 4 all
## 9 nation 15 9 4 all
## 10 peace 14 10 3 all
## 11 power 13 11 4 all
## 12 happiness 12 12 4 all
## 13 foreign 12 12 2 all
## 14 mind 11 14 4 all
## 15 justice 11 14 3 all
## 16 love 10 16 4 all
## 17 duty 10 16 3 all
## 18 measures 10 16 4 all
## 19 liberty 10 16 4 all
## 20 honor 10 16 3 all
## 21 administration 9 21 5 all
## 22 confidence 9 21 5 all
## 23 united 9 21 4 all
## 24 equal 9 21 4 all
## 25 principles 9 21 4 all
## 26 union 9 21 4 all
## 27 support 9 21 3 all
## 28 time 8 28 3 all
## 29 duties 8 28 4 all
## 30 principle 8 28 3 all
## 31 spirit 8 28 2 all
## 32 opinion 8 28 3 all
## 33 called 7 33 4 all
## 34 truth 7 33 4 all
## 35 rights 7 33 4 all
## 36 sense 7 33 4 all
## 37 safety 7 33 2 all
## 38 law 7 33 2 all
## 39 reason 7 33 2 all
## 40 fellow-citizens 6 40 3 all
## 41 life 6 40 4 all
## 42 nature 6 40 3 all
## 43 human 6 40 3 all
## 44 future 6 40 4 all
## 45 influence 6 40 3 all
## 46 executive 6 40 4 all
## 47 honest 6 40 3 all
## 48 experiment 6 40 4 all
## 49 american 6 40 3 all
## 50 occasion 6 40 4 all
## 51 form 6 40 3 all
## 52 america 6 40 2 all
## 53 congress 6 40 1 all
## 54 commerce 6 40 2 all
## 55 freedom 6 40 2 all
## 56 day 5 56 4 all
## 57 voice 5 56 4 all
## 58 station 5 56 4 all
## 59 enable 5 56 4 all
## 60 affairs 5 56 3 all
## 61 objects 5 56 4 all
## 62 party 5 56 2 all
## 63 national 5 56 2 all
## 64 republican 5 56 3 all
## 65 harmony 5 56 3 all
## 66 favor 5 56 3 all
## 67 zeal 5 56 3 all
## 68 war 5 56 3 all
## 69 history 5 56 3 all
## 70 faith 5 56 2 all
## 71 laws 5 56 2 all
## 72 knowledge 5 56 2 all
## 73 choice 5 56 2 all
## 74 abuses 5 56 3 all
## 75 political 5 56 3 all
## 76 religion 5 56 3 all
## 77 friendship 5 56 3 all
## 78 industry 5 56 2 all
## 79 religious 5 56 2 all
## 80 press 5 56 2 all
## 81 limits 5 56 1 all
## 82 false 5 56 1 all
## 83 representatives 4 83 2 all
## 84 trust 4 83 2 all
## 85 rules 4 83 2 all
## 86 success 4 83 2 all
## 87 functions 4 83 4 all
## 88 private 4 83 2 all
## 89 character 4 83 4 all
## 90 governments 4 83 3 all
## 91 gratitude 4 83 3 all
## 92 humble 4 83 3 all
## 93 subject 4 83 3 all
## 94 powers 4 83 4 all
## 95 selected 4 83 4 all
## 96 virtue 4 83 3 all
## 97 prosperity 4 83 3 all
## 98 preservation 4 83 3 all
## 99 judgment 4 83 3 all
## 100 exercise 4 83 3 all
## 101 experience 4 83 3 all
## 102 service 4 83 3 all
## 103 resolution 4 83 2 all
## 104 personal 4 83 3 all
## 105 express 4 83 4 all
## 106 presence 4 83 3 all
## 107 forms 4 83 2 all
## 108 providence 4 83 3 all
## 109 authority 4 83 2 all
## 110 produce 4 83 2 all
## 111 domestic 4 83 3 all
## 112 common 4 83 2 all
## 113 suffrage 4 83 3 all
## 114 feel 4 83 3 all
## 115 pleasing 4 83 1 all
## 116 virtuous 4 83 1 all
## 117 opinions 4 83 3 all
## 118 maintain 4 83 2 all
## 119 desire 4 83 2 all
## 120 land 4 83 2 all
## 121 wisdom 4 83 2 all
## 122 left 4 83 2 all
## 123 fear 4 83 2 all
## 124 trusted 4 83 2 all
## 125 hand 3 125 1 all
## 126 veneration 3 125 2 all
## 127 committed 3 125 3 all
## 128 sufficient 3 125 3 all
## 129 civil 3 125 3 all
## 130 faithful 3 125 3 all
## 131 hope 3 125 3 all
## 132 proof 3 125 3 all
## 133 error 3 125 2 all
## 134 official 3 125 2 all
## 135 councils 3 125 3 all
## 136 liberties 3 125 2 all
## 137 essential 3 125 3 all
## 138 execute 3 125 3 all
## 139 charge 3 125 3 all
## 140 independent 3 125 3 all
## 141 revolution 3 125 2 all
## 142 deliberations 3 125 2 all
## 143 established 3 125 2 all
## 144 return 3 125 2 all
## 145 blessings 3 125 3 all
## 146 crisis 3 125 3 all
## 147 article 3 125 2 all
## 148 consideration 3 125 2 all
## 149 expedient 3 125 2 all
## 150 circumstances 3 125 2 all
## 151 meet 3 125 3 all
## 152 constitutional 3 125 3 all
## 153 attention 3 125 2 all
## 154 patriotism 3 125 3 all
## 155 adopt 3 125 3 all
## 156 views 3 125 2 all
## 157 satisfaction 3 125 2 all
## 158 ardent 3 125 3 all
## 159 sacred 3 125 2 all
## 160 considered 3 125 3 all
## 161 deeply 3 125 3 all
## 162 remain 3 125 3 all
## 163 degree 3 125 2 all
## 164 recommendations 3 125 2 all
## 165 reverence 3 125 3 all
## 166 regard 3 125 2 all
## 167 add 3 125 3 all
## 168 benign 3 125 3 all
## 169 tranquillity 3 125 3 all
## 170 blessing 3 125 3 all
## 171 wise 3 125 3 all
## 172 endeavor 3 125 2 all
## 173 entertain 3 125 3 all
## 174 legislature 3 125 1 all
## 175 independence 3 125 2 all
## 176 danger 3 125 2 all
## 177 purity 3 125 2 all
## 178 integrity 3 125 1 all
## 179 society 3 125 2 all
## 180 difference 3 125 2 all
## 181 individuals 3 125 2 all
## 182 happy 3 125 2 all
## 183 native 3 125 2 all
## 184 approbation 3 125 3 all
## 185 legislatures 3 125 1 all
## 186 friends 3 125 3 all
## 187 attachment 3 125 2 all
## 188 pride 3 125 2 all
## 189 majority 3 125 2 all
## 190 govern 3 125 2 all
## 191 candid 3 125 2 all
## 192 increasing 3 125 2 all
## 193 services 3 125 2 all
## 194 houses 3 125 1 all
## 195 humanity 3 125 2 all
## 196 agriculture 3 125 3 all
## 197 friendly 3 125 2 all
## 198 lay 3 125 2 all
## 199 resources 3 125 3 all
## 200 destinies 3 125 2 all
## 201 moral 3 125 2 all
## 202 authorities 3 125 2 all
## 203 intercourse 3 125 2 all
## 204 brethren 3 125 2 all
## 205 change 3 125 2 all
## 206 faculties 3 125 2 all
## 207 improvement 3 125 2 all
## 208 debts 3 125 2 all
## 209 errors 3 125 2 all
## 210 advance 3 125 2 all
## 211 expenses 3 125 1 all
## 212 collected 3 125 1 all
## 213 revenue 3 125 1 all
## 214 comforts 3 125 1 all
## 215 arts 3 125 1 all
## 216 whatsoever 3 125 1 all
## 217 senate 2 217 2 all
## 218 house 2 217 1 all
## 219 event 2 217 1 all
## 220 retreat 2 217 1 all
## 221 chosen 2 217 2 all
## 222 hopes 2 217 2 all
## 223 immutable 2 217 1 all
## 224 decision 2 217 2 all
## 225 rendered 2 217 1 all
## 226 habit 2 217 2 all
## 227 inclination 2 217 2 all
## 228 magnitude 2 217 2 all
## 229 experienced 2 217 2 all
## 230 qualifications 2 217 1 all
## 231 peculiarly 2 217 1 all
## 232 conscious 2 217 2 all
## 233 task 2 217 2 all
## 234 grateful 2 217 2 all
## 235 transcendent 2 217 2 all
## 236 motives 2 217 2 all
## 237 consequences 2 217 2 all
## 238 share 2 217 1 all
## 239 impressions 2 217 1 all
## 240 obedience 2 217 2 all
## 241 supplications 2 217 2 all
## 242 universe 2 217 2 all
## 243 providential 2 217 1 all
## 244 defect 2 217 2 all
## 245 instituted 2 217 2 all
## 246 employed 2 217 2 all
## 247 assure 2 217 1 all
## 248 sentiments 2 217 1 all
## 249 bound 2 217 2 all
## 250 acknowledge 2 217 2 all
## 251 distinguished 2 217 2 all
## 252 voluntary 2 217 2 all
## 253 communities 2 217 1 all
## 254 department 2 217 1 all
## 255 president 2 217 2 all
## 256 assembled 2 217 2 all
## 257 consistent 2 217 2 all
## 258 talents 2 217 2 all
## 259 characters 2 217 2 all
## 260 devise 2 217 2 all
## 261 honorable 2 217 2 all
## 262 surest 2 217 2 all
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8.4.5.2 Lexical diversity
We can compute the lexical diversity in a document. This is a measure allowing us to provide a statistical account of diversity in the choice of lexical items in a text. See the different measures implemented here
8.4.5.2.1 TTR (Type-Token Ratio)
8.4.5.2.1.1 Computing TTR
dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop_dfm_tstat_lexdiv_ttr <- textstat_lexdiv(dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop_dfm, measure = "TTR")
head(dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop_dfm_tstat_lexdiv_ttr, 5)## document TTR
## 1 1789 George Washington 0.8346457
## 2 1793 George Washington 0.9791667
## 3 1797 John Adams 0.6985646
## 4 1801 Thomas Jefferson 0.7823241
## 5 1805 Thomas Jefferson 0.72463778.4.5.2.1.2 Plotting TTR
plot(dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop_dfm_tstat_lexdiv_ttr$TTR, type = "l", xaxt = "n", xlab = NULL, ylab = "TTR")
grid()
axis(1, at = seq_len(nrow(dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop_dfm_tstat_lexdiv_ttr)), labels = dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop_dfm_tstat_lexdiv_ttr$document)
8.4.5.2.2 CTTR (Corrected Type-Token Ratio)
8.4.5.2.2.1 Computing CTTR
dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop_dfm_tstat_lexdiv_cttr <- textstat_lexdiv(dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop_dfm, measure = "CTTR")
head(dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop_dfm_tstat_lexdiv_cttr, 5)## document CTTR
## 1 1789 George Washington 13.302063
## 2 1793 George Washington 4.796917
## 3 1797 John Adams 14.282187
## 4 1801 Thomas Jefferson 13.673897
## 5 1805 Thomas Jefferson 14.1164938.4.5.2.2.2 Plotting TTR
plot(dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop_dfm_tstat_lexdiv_cttr$CTTR, type = "l", xaxt = "n", xlab = NULL, ylab = "CTTR")
grid()
axis(1, at = seq_len(nrow(dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop_dfm_tstat_lexdiv_cttr)), labels = dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop_dfm_tstat_lexdiv_cttr$document)
8.4.5.2.3 K (Yule’s K)
8.4.5.2.3.1 Computing K
dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop_dfm_tstat_lexdiv_K <- textstat_lexdiv(dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop_dfm, measure = "K")
head(dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop_dfm_tstat_lexdiv_K, 5)## document K
## 1 1789 George Washington 10.617521
## 2 1793 George Washington 8.680556
## 3 1797 John Adams 22.778783
## 4 1801 Thomas Jefferson 13.768312
## 5 1805 Thomas Jefferson 15.2061958.4.5.2.3.2 Plotting K
plot(dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop_dfm_tstat_lexdiv_K$K, type = "l", xaxt = "n", xlab = NULL, ylab = expression(italic(K)))
grid()
axis(1, at = seq_len(nrow(dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop_dfm_tstat_lexdiv_K)), labels = dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop_dfm_tstat_lexdiv_K$document)
8.4.5.3 Keyness - relative frequency analysis
The relative frequency analysis allows to provide a statistical analysis of frequent words as a function of a target reference level. For this dataset, we do not have a specific target. Hence the comparison is done based on the full dataset.
8.4.5.3.1 Computing keyness
dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop_dfm_tstat_key <- textstat_keyness(dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop_dfm)
head(dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop_dfm_tstat_key, 10)## feature chi2 p n_target n_reference
## 1 hand 8.43838 0.003673834 3 0
## 2 assure 4.27290 0.038724786 2 0
## 3 communities 4.27290 0.038724786 2 0
## 4 department 4.27290 0.038724786 2 0
## 5 event 4.27290 0.038724786 2 0
## 6 heaven 4.27290 0.038724786 2 0
## 7 house 4.27290 0.038724786 2 0
## 8 immutable 4.27290 0.038724786 2 0
## 9 impressions 4.27290 0.038724786 2 0
## 10 opportunities 4.27290 0.038724786 2 0
8.4.5.4 Collocations - scoring multi-word expressions
A collocation analysis is a way to identify contiguous collocations of words, i.e., multi-word expressions. Depending on the language, these can be identified based on capitalisation (e.g., proper names) as in English texts. However, this is not the same across languages.
We look for capital letters in our text. The result provides Wald’s Lamda and z statistics. Usually, any z value higher or equal to 2 is statistically significant. To compute p values, we use the probability of a normal distribution based on a mean of 0 and an SD of 1. This is appended to the table.
dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop_tstat_col_caps <- tokens_select(dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop, pattern = "^[A-Z]", valuetype = "regex", case_insensitive = FALSE, padding = TRUE) %>% textstat_collocations(min_count = 1) %>% mutate(p_value = 1 - pnorm(z, 0, 1))
dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop_tstat_col_caps## collocation count count_nested length lambda z
## 1 constitution united 3 0 2 5.312476 6.610361
## 2 houses congress 2 0 2 6.926286 6.100023
## 3 executive senate 1 0 2 7.515526 5.313797
## 4 senate house 1 0 2 7.515526 5.313797
## 5 house representatives 2 0 2 10.223939 4.873871
## 6 fellow citizens 1 0 2 8.614501 4.718100
## 7 fellow-citizens senate 1 0 2 8.614501 4.718100
## 8 batavian helvetic 1 0 2 9.713477 4.496291
## 9 chief magistrate 1 0 2 9.713477 4.496291
## 10 citizens called 1 0 2 9.713477 4.496291
## 11 federal republican 1 0 2 9.713477 4.496291
## 12 fountain justice 1 0 2 9.713477 4.496291
## 13 friends fellow 1 0 2 9.713477 4.496291
## 14 human race 1 0 2 9.713477 4.496291
## 15 infinite power 1 0 2 9.713477 4.496291
## 16 invisible hand 1 0 2 9.713477 4.496291
## 17 justice protector 1 0 2 9.713477 4.496291
## 18 parent human 1 0 2 9.713477 4.496291
## 19 patron fountain 1 0 2 9.713477 4.496291
## 20 republicans federalists 1 0 2 9.713477 4.496291
## 21 president constitution 1 0 2 5.175056 4.376512
## 22 america previous 1 0 2 7.313766 4.333177
## 23 chamber congress 1 0 2 7.313766 4.333177
## 24 government executive 1 0 2 5.052965 4.284572
## 25 congress government 1 0 2 3.752220 3.942083
## 26 united government 1 0 2 3.752220 3.942083
## 27 europe government 1 0 2 6.151942 3.727304
## 28 government employed 1 0 2 6.151942 3.727304
## 29 constitution government 1 0 2 2.712464 3.054289
## p_value
## 1 1.916922e-11
## 2 5.302671e-10
## 3 5.368205e-08
## 4 5.368205e-08
## 5 5.471628e-07
## 6 1.190288e-06
## 7 1.190288e-06
## 8 3.457452e-06
## 9 3.457452e-06
## 10 3.457452e-06
## 11 3.457452e-06
## 12 3.457452e-06
## 13 3.457452e-06
## 14 3.457452e-06
## 15 3.457452e-06
## 16 3.457452e-06
## 17 3.457452e-06
## 18 3.457452e-06
## 19 3.457452e-06
## 20 3.457452e-06
## 21 6.029672e-06
## 22 7.348658e-06
## 23 7.348658e-06
## 24 9.154556e-06
## 25 4.038848e-05
## 26 4.038848e-05
## 27 9.676962e-05
## 28 9.676962e-05
## 29 1.127973e-038.4.5.5 Word clouds
We can use word clouds of the top 100 words
set.seed(132)
dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop_dfm %>%
textplot_wordcloud(max_words = 100, color = brewer.pal(8, "Dark2"))
8.4.5.6 Network of feature co-occurrences
A Network of feature co-occurrences allows to obtain association plot of word usage. We use an fcm (feature co-occurrence matrix) based on our DFM.
set.seed(144)
dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop_dfm %>%
dfm_trim(min_termfreq = 15) %>%
textplot_network(min_freq = 0.5)
8.4.5.7 Poisson regression
Finally, we run a GLM with a poisson family to evaluate the significance level of our most frequent words.
8.4.5.7.1 Computing GLM
dat_inaug_corpus_GLM <- dat_inaug_corpus_tok_no_punct_no_Stop_dfm_freq %>%
filter(frequency >= 15) %>%
glm(frequency ~ feature, data = ., family = "poisson")
summary(dat_inaug_corpus_GLM)##
## Call:
## glm(formula = frequency ~ feature, family = "poisson", data = .)
##
## Coefficients:
## Estimate Std. Error z value Pr(>|z|)
## (Intercept) 3.091e+00 2.132e-01 14.498 <2e-16 ***
## featureconstitution -2.007e-01 3.178e-01 -0.631 0.5278
## featurecountry 8.810e-17 3.015e-01 0.000 1.0000
## featurefellow -3.185e-01 3.286e-01 -0.969 0.3324
## featuregovernment 5.978e-01 2.654e-01 2.252 0.0243 *
## featurenation -3.830e-01 3.348e-01 -1.144 0.2527
## featurenations -2.007e-01 3.178e-01 -0.631 0.5278
## featurepeople 2.048e-01 2.872e-01 0.713 0.4758
## featurepublic 3.102e-01 2.807e-01 1.105 0.2692
## ---
## Signif. codes: 0 '***' 0.001 '**' 0.01 '*' 0.05 '.' 0.1 ' ' 1
##
## (Dispersion parameter for poisson family taken to be 1)
##
## Null deviance: 2.0870e+01 on 8 degrees of freedom
## Residual deviance: 7.9936e-15 on 0 degrees of freedom
## AIC: 62.441
##
## Number of Fisher Scoring iterations: 3
